자성과 전기의 역사

600 기원전 – 천연 자석

천연 페릭 페라이트의 자기 특성 (철3영형4) 돌 (lodestones) 그리스 철학자에 의해 설명되었다.

600 기원전 – 전하

호박색 황색이다, 반투명 미네랄. 빠르면 600 BC 그리스의 철학자, 아리스토파네스 그 특유의 성질을 알고 있었어.: 모피 조각으로 문지르면, 호박은 깃털과 같은 작은 물질 조각을 끌어당기는 능력을 발달시킵니다.. 수세기 동안 이 이상한, 설명할 수 없는 특성은 호박에만 있는 것으로 생각되었습니다. 이 이상한 효과는 오랫동안 미스터리로 남아 있었습니다. 2000 연령, ~까지, 서기경 1600, 윌리엄 길버트 박사 호박과 자석의 반응을 조사하고 처음으로 단어를 기록했습니다. '전기 같은’ 자기 이론에 관한 보고서에서.

나중에, ~에 1895, 하아. 로렌츠 개발한 전자이론. 이제 우리는 전기를 생산하는 세 가지 방법이 있다는 것을 알고 있습니다.: 공전, 전기화학 및 전자기 유도.

1175 – 나침반에 대한 최초의 언급

영국의 성 수도사 알렉산더 네켐(Alexander Neckem). Albans는 나침반의 작동을 설명합니다..

1269 – 나침반에 대한 첫 번째 상세한 설명

마린쿠르의 피터 페레그린, 프랑스 십자군, 부동 나침반과 피봇 포인트가 있는 나침반을 설명합니다..

1600 – 정전기 (마그넷으로)

16세기에, 윌리엄 길버트(1544-1603), 엘리자베스 1세 여왕의 법정 주치의, 다른 많은 물질들도 존재한다는 것을 증명했습니다. 전기 같은 (그리스어 단어에서 유래 호박색, 전자) 그리고 그들은 두 가지 전기적 효과를 가지고 있습니다. 털로 문지르면, 호박은 수지 전기를 얻습니다; 유리, 하지만, 실크로 문지르면, 유리 전기를 얻다. 전기는 같은 종류의 전기를 밀어내고 반대의 전기를 끌어당긴다. 과학자들은 마찰이 실제로 전기를 생성한다고 생각했습니다. (책임에 대한 그들의 말). 그들은 모피나 실크에도 같은 양의 반대 전기가 남아 있다는 사실을 깨닫지 못했습니다.. 박사. 윌리엄 길버트, 힘이 생겼다는 것을 깨달았다., 호박 조각이 있을 때 (수지) 양털로 문지르고 가벼운 물체를 끌어당겼다.. 오늘 이 부동산을 설명하면서, 우리는 호박이 “깜짝 놀라게 하는” 또는 소유하고 있으며 “전하”. 이 용어는 그리스어 단어에서 파생되었습니다. “전자” 호박을 의미하고 이것으로부터, 용어 “전기” 개발되었다. 19세기말이 되어서야 이런 일이 일어났다. “무엇” 음전기로 구성되어 있는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다., 오늘날 전자로 알려진.

Gilbert는 또한 자기학을 연구했으며 1600 썼다 “자석의” 이는 나침반 바늘이 남북을 가리키는 신비한 능력을 최초로 합리적으로 설명한 것입니다.: 지구 자체는 자성체였다. “마그넷으로” 현대물리학과 천문학의 시대를 열었고 갈릴레오의 위대한 업적이 빛나는 100년을 열었습니다., 케플러, 뉴턴 등.

Gilbert는 강철 바늘을 자화하는 세 가지 방법을 기록했습니다.: 로드스톤으로 접촉하여; 남북 방향으로 냉간 인발하여; 그리고 남북 방향으로 지구 자기장에 오랫동안 노출됨으로써.

1660 – 정전기 발생기

Otto von Guericke는 정전기 생성을 위한 조잡한 기계를 발명했습니다..

1729 – 도체 및 부도체

스티븐 그레이(Stephen Gray)는 한 전기화된 신체가 소유한 힘을 전기화된 신체를 연결함으로써 다른 신체로 전달할 수 있다고 설명합니다..

1734 – 전기적 인력과 반발력

Charles Francois de Cisternay Du Fay가 최초로 두 종류의 전기를 인식했습니다..

1730 – 복합 자석

Servigton Savery는 여러 개의 인공 자석을 양쪽 끝의 공통 자극편과 함께 묶어 최초의 복합 자석을 생산합니다..

1740 – 최초의 상업용 자석

Gowen Knight는 과학 연구자 및 지상 항해사에게 판매할 최초의 인공 자석을 생산합니다..

1745전기력, 콘덴서

라이덴병(Leyden Jar)은 전기 축전기의 가장 초기이자 간단한 형태 중 하나입니다., 독립적으로 발명 1745 레이덴 대학교의 네덜란드 물리학자 Pieter van Musschenbroek와 포메라니아의 Ewald Georg von Kleist가 공동 연구. 원래 라이덴병은 물이 담긴 마개가 달린 유리병이었습니다., 철사나 못이 마개를 통해 물 속으로 뻗어 있는 경우. 한 손으로 병을 잡고 노출된 전선 끝을 전기 장치에 접촉시켜 충전했습니다.. 전선과 전원 사이의 접촉이 끊어진 경우, 그리고 다른 손으로 전선을 만졌습니다, 격렬한 충격으로 경험된 방전이 발생했습니다..

만약 요금 Q는 금속판 위에 놓입니다., 전압이 V만큼 상승합니다.. 커패시터의 전하 저장 능력을 측정하는 척도는 다음과 같습니다. 정전 용량 기음, 여기서 C = Q/V. 전하는 배터리에서 흐르는 것과 마찬가지로 커패시터에서도 흐릅니다., 하지만 한 가지 중요한 차이점이 있습니다. 전하가 커패시터 플레이트를 떠날 때, 재충전하지 않으면 더 이상 얻을 수 없습니다. 이런 일이 일어나는 이유는 전기력은 보수적이다. 방출되는 에너지는 저장된 에너지를 초과할 수 없습니다.. 일을 할 수 있는 능력을 전위라고 한다.

일종의 에너지 보존과도 관련이 있습니다. EMF. 배터리에서 얻을 수 있는 전기 에너지는 화학적 분자 결합에 저장된 에너지에 의해 제한됩니다.. 둘 다 EMF전위 에서 측정됩니다 볼트, 과, 안타깝게도, 용어 전압, 잠재적인, 과 EMF 다소 느슨하게 사용됨. 예를 들어, 배터리 잠재력이라는 용어는 종종 대신에 사용됩니다. EMF.

1747유리 전기, 전하 보존

벤자민 프랭클린 (1706-90) 미국 프린터였어요, 작가, 철학자, 외교관, 과학자, 그리고 발명가.

서로 다른 물질의 마찰에 의해 전하의 힘이 생성된다는 길버트의 발견 이후, 벤저민 프랭클린 1747, 이를 발표함으로써 이를 개선했습니다. 전하는 두 가지 유형의 전기력으로 존재합니다., 인력과 척력. (윌리엄 왓슨 (1715-87) 영국에서도 독립적으로 동일한 결론에 도달했습니다.) 이 두 가지 힘을 확인하려면, 그가 이름을 지어줬어, 양전하와 음전하를 상징하며, 그는 ~을 사용했다 + 과 – 서명하다 + 긍정적이고 – 부정적인 경우. 벤자민 프랭클린 모든 물질은 한 종류의 전기를 갖고 있다는 것을 깨달았습니다. “체액” 물질을 자유롭게 관통할 수 있지만 생성되거나 파괴될 수는 없습니다.. 문지르는 행위는 단순히 유체를 한 신체에서 다른 신체로 전달하는 것뿐입니다., 둘 다에 전기를 공급하다. 프랭클린과 왓슨은 전하 보존의 원리를 창안했습니다: 절연 시스템의 총 전기량은 일정합니다.. 프랭클린은 유체를 정의했다, 에 해당하는 유리전기, 양성으로, 체액 부족을 음성으로. 따라서, 프랭클린에 따르면, 흐름의 방향은 양수에서 음수로였습니다.–현재 사실로 알려진 것과는 정반대. 후속적인 2유체 이론이 개발되었습니다., 동일한 유형의 샘플이 어떤 샘플에 끌리는지에 따라, 반대 유형의 사람들은 반발합니다..

프랭클린은 이 사실을 알고 있었다. 라이덴병 (은박지로 안팎을 코팅한 유리병), 전하를 저장하는 방법과 방전 시 충격을 유발하는 방법. 프랭클린은 번개와 천둥도 방전의 결과인지 궁금했습니다.. 뇌우가 발생하는 동안 1752, 프랭클린은 끝부분이 금속으로 된 연을 날렸습니다.. 젖은 끝에, 연이 날아간 대마줄을 지휘하면서 그는 금속 열쇠를 달았다, 그는 손에 들고 있는 비전도성 비단 끈을 묶었습니다.. 실험은 매우 위험했습니다, 하지만 결과는 틀림없었어: 그가 열쇠 근처에 손가락 관절을 댔을 때, 그는 거기서 불꽃을 끌어낼 수 있었어. 이 매우 위험한 실험을 시도한 다음 두 사람이 사망했습니다..

1750 – 자석 제조에 관한 첫 번째 책

John Mitchell은 강철 자석 제조에 관한 최초의 책을 출판합니다..

1757힘, 증기기관

제임스 와트(1736-1819) 전기적 실험을 하지 않았다. 그는 무역으로 악기 제작자였으며 글래스고에 수리점을 세웠습니다. 1757. 와트는 말이 오래된 광산 갱도에서 쓰레기를 끌어올리는 일의 속도를 측정한 결과 약 22,000 분당 ft-lbs. He added a margin of 50% arriving at 33,000 ft-lbs is equal to one horse-power.

제임스 와트, also invented the steam condensing engine. His improvements to steam engines were patented over a period of 15 연령, starting in 1769 and his name was given to the electric unit of power, the Watt. When Edison’s generator was coupled with Watt’s steam engine, large scale electricity generation became a practical proposition.

1767Electrical Force

It was known as early as 1600 that the attractive or repulsive force diminishes as the charges are separated. This relationship was first placed on a numerically accurate, or quantitative, foundation by Joseph Priestley, a friend of Benjamin Franklin. 에서 1767, Priestley indirectly deduced that when the distance between two small, charged bodies is increased by some factor, 몸체 사이의 힘은 계수의 제곱으로 감소됩니다.. 예를 들어, 전하 사이의 거리가 3배가 되면, 힘은 이전 값의 1/9로 감소합니다.. 엄격하면서도, 프리스틀리의 증명은 너무 간단해서 강력하게 주장하지 않았습니다.. 문제는 해결된 것으로 간주되지 않았습니다. 18 몇 년 후, 언제 존 로빈슨 스코틀랜드는 관련된 전기력을 보다 직접적으로 측정했습니다..

1780전류

18세기 이탈리아 과학자는 사고로 인해 루이지 갈바니 전압의 개념 개발과 배터리 발명으로 이어지는 일련의 사건이 시작되었습니다.. 에서 1780 Galvani의 조수 중 한 명이 해부된 개구리 다리가 메스로 신경을 건드렸을 때 경련을 일으키는 것을 발견했습니다.. 또 다른 조수는 근처의 충전된 발전기에서 동시에 스파크가 발생하는 것을 보았다고 생각했습니다.. 갈바니는 전기가 근육 수축의 원인이라고 추론했습니다.. 그는 실수로 생각했다, 하지만, 그 효과는 특수 유체의 전달로 인한 것이라고, 또는 “동물 전기,” 일반 전기보다는.

이와 같은 실험, 개구리나 새의 다리가 여러 종류의 금속과 접촉하여 자극을 받은 것입니다., 루이지 갈바니(Luigi Galvani)를 이끌었다. 1791 동물 조직이 전기를 생성한다는 그의 이론을 제안하기 위해. 그가 대기 전기라고 부르는 것을 실험하면서, 갈바니는 철 격자에 있는 황동 고리에 개구리 근육을 걸면 경련을 일으키는 것을 발견했습니다..

1792전기화학, 볼타 셀

으로 1792 또 다른 이탈리아 과학자, 알레산드로 볼타, 동의하지 않았다: 그는 갈바니의 발견의 주요 요인이 두 가지 다른 금속이라는 것을 깨달았습니다. – 강철 칼과 양철 판 – 개구리가 누워 있던 곳. 다양한 금속, 개구리의 촉촉한 조직으로 분리됨, 전기를 생산하고 있었다. 개구리 다리는 단순한 탐지기일 뿐이었다.

에서 1800,시간 두 개의 서로 다른 금속 사이에 수분이 유입될 때, 전기가 생성된다. 이로 인해 그는 최초의 발명품을 발명하게 되었습니다. 전기 배터리, the 볼타 파일, 그는 축축한 판지로 분리된 얇은 구리판과 아연판으로 만들었습니다. (소금물에 흠뻑 젖은 느낌).

이런 식으로, 새로운 종류의 전기가 발견되었다, 한 번의 불꽃이나 충격에도 방전되지 않고 물의 흐름처럼 꾸준히 흐르는 전기. 볼타는 전선을 통해 전기가 한 곳에서 다른 곳으로 이동할 수 있음을 보여주었습니다., thereby making an important contribution to the science of electricity.

1820Electromagnetism, Current

에서 1820, a physicist Hans Christian Oersted, learned that a current flowing through a wire would move a compass needle placed beside it. This showed that an electric current produced a magnetic field.

Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematician who devoted himself to the study of electricity and magnetism, was the first to explain the electro-dynamic theory. He showed that two parallel wires, carrying current, attracted each other if the currents flowed in the same direction and opposed each other if the currents flowed in opposite directions. He formulated in mathematical terms, the laws that govern the interaction of currents with magnetic fields in a circuit and as a result of this the unit of electric current, the amp, was derived from his name. An 움직이는 전하 라고 전류. 전류의 세기는 초당 특정 지점을 통과하는 전하의 양입니다., 또는 I = Q/t, 여기서 t초 동안 Q 쿨롱의 전하가 전달됩니다.. 그만큼 전류를 측정하는 단위암페어 또는 amp, 어디 1 앰프 = 1 쿨롱/초. 자기의 근원이기도 하니까, 전류는 전기와 자기의 연결고리이다.

1822푸리에 변환

남작 조셉 푸리에 (1768-1830) 프랑스 수학자였다. 그의 파동 분석 방법, 에 출판됨 1822, 열의 흐름에 관한 그의 연구의 파생물이었습니다.. 단순한 파동에서 파동이 어떻게 만들어질 수 있는지 보여줍니다.. 이 강력한 수학 분야, 푸리에 변환 전자 음성 인식과 같은 중요한 현대 개발에 기여했습니다..

1826저항 – 열을 일으키는 전류

에서 1826, 독일의 물리학자 게오르그 사이먼 옴, 검사를 받은 볼타의 전기 배터리 원리Ampere’s relationship of currents in a circuit. He noted that when there was a current in a circuit, there was at times, heat, and the amount of heat was related to different metals. He discovered that there was a relationship between current and heat, there was someresistanceto the flow of current, in the circuit. By discovering this, he found out that if the potential difference (볼트), remained constant, the current was in proportion to the resistance. 이 unit of electrical resistancethe ohmwas named after him. He also formulated a law, showing the relationship between volts, amps and resistance and this law was calledOhm’s Lawalso named after him. This law as we know it today, is the basis of electricity.

1830Inductance

에서 1830, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), discovered that a change in magnetism can make currents flow, but he failed to publish this. 에서 1832 he described self-inductancethe basic property of inductor. In recognition of his work, inductance is measured in henries. The stage was then set for the encompassing electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. The variation of actual currents is enormous. A modern electrometer can detect currents as low as 1/100,000,000,000,000,000 amp, which is a mere 63 electrons per second. The current in a nerve impulse is approximately 1/100,000 amp; a 100-watt light bulb carries 1 amp; a lightning bolt peaks at about 20,000 amps; and a 1,200-megawatt nuclear power plant can deliver 10,000,000 amps at 115 V.

1836Daniell Cell

에서 1836, John Daniell (1790-1845) proposed an improved electric cell that supplied an even current during continuous operation. The Daniell cell gave new impetus to electric research and found many commercial applications. 에서 1837 Daniell was presented the highest award of the Royal Society, the Copley Medal, for the invention of the Daniell cell.

1837Telegraph, 전자석

After the electric battery and the electromagnet were discovered, Samuel Morse(1791-1872) introduced the electric telegraph. Coded messages were sent over wires, by means of electrical impulses (identified as dots and dashes) known as Morse code. This was really the beginning of commercially used electricity. The electric telegraph is known as the first practical use of electricity and the first system of electrical communication. It is interesting to note here, that the Post Office in Australia, played an important part at that time, in the organizing of the communication.

1840Mechanical Computer

Charles Babbage (1791-1871), a British mathematician, designed several machines to generate error-free tables for navigation. The mechanical devices would serve as models for the later electronic computers.

1850Thermoelectricity

Thomas Seebeck 독일의 물리학자가 발견했습니다. “제벡 효과“. 그는 서로 다른 금속으로 만든 두 개의 전선을 꼬아 두 전선이 만나는 접합부를 가열했습니다., 작은 전류를 생성. 전류는 뜨거운 접점에서 차가운 접점으로의 열 흐름의 결과입니다.. 이것은 호출됩니다 열전. 써모(Thermo)는 열을 뜻하는 그리스어이다..

1854부울 대수학

조지 부울 완전히 독학했다. 그는 논리의 규칙을 완벽하게 표현하는 기호를 사용하는 방법을 발표했습니다.. 이 시스템을 사용하여, 복잡한 규칙을 명확하게 작성하고 종종 단순화할 수 있음.

1855전자기 유도

마이클 패러데이 (1791-1867) 영국인, 전기 역사상 가장 중요한 발견 중 하나를 이루었습니다.: 전자기 유도. 그의 선구적인 연구는 전류가 어떻게 작동하는지를 다루었습니다.. 그의 실험을 통해 많은 발명품이 탄생했다, but they would come fifty to one hundred years later. Failures never discouraged Faraday. He would say; “the failures are just as important as the successes.He felt failures also teach. 그만큼 farad, the unit of capacitance is named in the honor of 마이클 패러데이.

Faraday was greatly interested in the invention of the electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier experiments still further. If electricity could produce magnetism, why couldn’t magnetism produce electricity. 에서 1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through magnetism by motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny electric current flows through the wire. H.C. Oersted, ~에 1820, demonstrated that electric currents produce a magnetic field. Faraday noted this and in 1821, he experimented on the theory that, 전선의 전류가 생성될 수 있다면 자기장, 그러면 자기장이 전기를 생산해야 합니다.. 으로 1831, 그는 이것을 증명할 수 있었고 그의 실험을 통해, 설명할 수 있었다, 이 자기장은 자력선이었다는 것. 이들 힘의 선 원인이 될 것이다 current철사 코일에 흐르다, 코일이 자석의 극 사이에서 회전할 때. 이 동작은 와이어 코일이 자기력선에 의해 절단되는 것을 보여줍니다., 뭔가 이상한 방식으로, 전기를 생산하다. 이러한 실험, 의 발견을 설득력 있게 보여주었다. 전자기 유도 전류 생산에, 자기 강도의 변화로.

1860아크 라이트

전기의 실용화와 전신이 보급되면서, 얼마 지나지 않아 과학자들은 이 전기를 더 많이 활용할 방법을 모색하게 되었습니다.. 매우 중요한 다음 발전, 전기탄소 아크등을 도입한 것입니다., 실험적인 형태로 전시되었던 1808, 험프리 데이비 경의 글. 그는 시연을 위해 전류를 공급하기 위해 대형 배터리를 사용했습니다., 이러한 아크 조명은 큰 전류를 필요로 하고 기계적으로 전기를 생성하는 수단이 아직 개발되지 않았기 때문입니다.. 이 아크등의 원리, 그것은 회로에 있는 두 개의 탄소 막대가 함께 모일 때입니다., 호가 생성됩니다. 이 호, 눈부신 백열등을 발산하는, 막대가 분리되어 기계적으로 공급되는 한 유지됩니다., 호를 유지하기 위해. 아크등은 이 배터리에서 큰 전류를 소비하므로, 그때까지는 아니었지만 1860, that practical use was made of them. By this time adequate generating sources were developed and then they were only used mainly for street lighting and in picture theaters. Although arc lighting was still used until the early 1900’s they were eventually superseded by the incandescent light, except that most picture theaters use them in their projectors even today.

1860DC Motor

The history of the electric motor begins with Hans Christian Oersted, who discovered in 1820, that electricity produced a magnetic field, as mentioned before. Faraday followed up this in 1821, by devising the principle of the electric motor of his own design. Some of those worth mentioning are Jacobi ~에 1834, Elias ~에 1842, Froment ~에 1844 과 Pacinotti ~에 1860. Pacinottiused a ring wound armature which was used in 1860 and was an outstanding advance on any previous attempts. Most of these motors were in the experimental stage but it was not until 1871, that Zenobe Theophile Gramme introduced his motor, which was really a development of Pacinotti’s machine. This motor was said to be the first electric motor of commercial significance. During this period the scientists concentrated on themotor”, but meanwhile, experiments with machines producing electricity dynamically were under way.

1866LeClanche Cell

Leclanche (1839-1882) is a French engineer who in about 1866 invented the battery that bears his name. In slightly modified form, the Leclanché battery, now called a dry cell, is produced in great quantities and is widely used in devices such as flashlights and portable radios. This cell consists of a zinc case filled with a moist paste containing ammonium sulfate. In the center of this electrolyte paste is a carbon rod coated with manganese dioxide, which is a strong oxidizing agent.

1871DC Generator

With the development of the carbon filament lamp ~에 의해 Edison ~에 1879, the DC generator then became one of the essential components of the constant-potential lighting systems. Previous to this only arc lights were used for street lighting. Then commercial lighting and residential lighting, as the inventors were aiming at, became practical and so the electric light and power industry was born. When H. 기음. Oersted ~에 1820, discovered that an electric current produces magnetic fields, the DC motor was developed. 에서 1831, 마이클 패러데이 discovered the principle of 전자기 유도. He found that moving a magnet through a coil of wire, caused an electric current to flow in the wire, thus the electric generator could now be developed. But it was not until 1871, 언제 Gramme introduced his motor and generator, that the electric generator was used commercially. 으로 1872, SiemensHalske of Berlin improved on Gramme’s generator, by producing the drum armature. Other improvements were made, such as the slotted armature in 1880 but by 1882, Edison had completed the design of the system we still use to distribute electricity from power stations.

1876Telephone

Since the telegraph was invented by Samual Morse in 1837, great advances had been made in its utilization, but it continued as a telegraph system using Morse Code for its communication. Alexander Graham Bell ~에 1875, was interested in telegraphy and realized that in using Morse Code over telegraph wires there should be other ways to this form of communication using electricity. He was also interested in acoustic and sound and worked on the principle that if Morse Code created electrical impulses in an electrical circuit, some means of sound causing vibration in the air, could also create electrical impulses in a circuit. In an experiment he use adiaphragmassociated with an electrical circuit and any sound reaching the diaphragm, would cause electrical impulses and these were carried on to the other end of the circuit. These then would cause vibrations to another diaphragm at this end and would be in relation to the first diaphragm, hence the sound was electrically transmitted from one end of the circuit to the other end. He continued working on these experiments and on March 7th, 1876 his telephone was officially patented and a successful demonstration was made at an Exhibition Hall in Philadelphia. Graham Bell was just in time to patent his telephone, as another inventor Elisha Gray, was experimenting also on a similar invention. Later, Edison improved on the diaphragmthen called transmittersbut Bell won the day, by being given the honor of inventing thetelephone”.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) born in Scotland, was raised in a family that was interested and involved in the science of sound. Bell’s father and grandfather both taught speech to the deaf. A unit of sound level is called a bel in his honor. Sound levels are measured in tenths of a bel, 또는 decibels. The abbreviation for decibel is dB.

1879DC Generation, Incandescent Light

Thomas Alva Edison, (1847-1931)was one of the most well known inventors of all time with 1093 patents. Self-educated, Edison was interested in chemistry and electronics. During the whole of his life, Edison received only three months of formal schooling, and was dismissed from school as being retarded, though in fact a childhood attack of scarlet fever had left him partially deaf.

Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC (Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas Edison. Edison’s many inventions included the phonograph and an improved printing telegraph. 에서 1878 Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the incandescent filament lamp and within twelve months Edison made a similar discovery in America. Swan and Edison later set up a joint company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this, electric lighting had been my crude arc lamps.

Edison used his DC generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later to illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in September 1882. Edison’s successes were not without controversy, 하지만 – although he was convinced of the merits of DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.

1880Heaviside Layer

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) The British mathematician realized that information travels along a cable as a wave in the space between the conductors, rather than through the conductors themselves. His concepts made it possible to design long-distance telephone cables. He also discovered why radio waves bend around the Earth. This led to long-range radio reception.

1880Absolute Temperatures, Kirchoff’s Laws, Coulomb’s Laws, Magnetic Flux, Microphone

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) was best known in his invention of a new temperature scale based on the concept of an absolute zero of temperature at -273°C (-460에프). To the end of his life, Thomson maintained fierce opposition to the idea that energy emitted by radioactivity came from within the atom. One of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 19th century, Thomson died opposing one of the most vital innovations in the history of science.

Moskowitz, L. R.: Permanent Magnet Design and Application Handbook, Cahners Books International, Inc. (1976)

 

The German physicist, Gustav Kirchoff (1824-1887) extended Ohm’s Laws to deal with situations where more than one resistor was connected to more than one battery. His circuit laws state that all the current flowing into any point must also flow out of it, and that the total voltage driving current around any loop must equal the total of the voltages opposing it.

The French physicist Charles A. de Coulomb, whose name is used as the unit of electrical charge, later performed a series of experiments that added important details, as well as precision, to Priestley’s proof. He also promoted the two-fluid theory of electrical charges, rejecting both the idea of the creation of electricity by friction and Franklin’s single-fluid model. Today the electrostatic force law, 또한 ~으로 알려진 Coulomb’s Law, is expressed as follows: if two small objects, a distance r apart, have charges pq and are at rest, the magnitude of the force 에프 on either is given by F = Kpq/rr, 어디 K is a constant. According to the International System of Units, the force is measured in newtons (1 newton = 0.225 파운드), the distance in meters, and the charges in coulombs. The constant K then becomes 8.988 billion. Charges of opposite sign attract, whereas those of the same sign repel. A coulomb 기음 is a large amount of charge. To hold a positive coulomb (+ 기음) 1 meter away from a negative coulomb (- 기음) would require a force of 9 billion newtons (2 billion pounds). A typical charged cloud about to give rise to a lightning bolt has a charge of about 30 coulombs.

James Maxwell (1831-1879) a Scottish mathematician translated Faraday’s theories into mathematical expressions. Maxwell was one of the finest mathematicians in history. A maxwell is the electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux, named in his honor. Today he is widely regarded as secondary only to Isaac NewtonAlbert Einstein in the world of science.

David Hughes (1831-1900) was a professor of music and invented a successful telegraph. Back in London, experimenting with sound, he discovered an effective transducer, so sensitive that he though of it as a sound microscope, and called it a마이크로폰.

1883 The Alternating Current System

Nikola Tesla was born of Serbian parents July 10, 1856 and died a broke and lonely man in New York City January 7, 1943. He envisioned a world without poles and power lines. Referred to as the greatest inventive genius of all time. Tesla’s system triumphed to make possible the first large-scale harnessing of Niagara Falls with the first hydroelectric plant in the United States in 1886. With the DC generator being in operation by 1882, it was not long before the first direct-current central power station built in the United States, in New York, was in operation in 1882. Around this period however, the scientists were still active, as they realized that with DC current, they could not transmit it over long distances. Nikola Tesla , was experimenting on generators and he discovered the rotating magnetic field in 1883, which is the principle of alternating current. This rotating magnetic field changes in opposite directions fifty time a second and is called 50 Hertz. 그만큼 alternating current generator has a rotating magnetic field and is referred to as a A.C. current. The direction current generator generates current in the one direction hence DC current. He then developed plans for an induction motor, that would become his first step towards the successful utilization of alternating current.

George Westinghouse was awarded the contract to build the first generators at Niagara Falls. He used his money to buy up patents in the electric field. One of the inventions he bought was the transformer from William Stanley. Westinghouse invented the air brake system to stop trains, the first of more than one hundred patents he would receive in this area alone. He soon founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869.Westinghouse was a famous American inventor and industrialist who purchased and developed Nikola Tesla’s patented motor for generating alternating current. The work of Westinghouse, Tesla and others gradually persuaded American society that the future lay with AC rather than DC (Adoption of AC generation enabled the transmission of large blocks of electrical, power using higher voltages via transformers, which would have been impossible otherwise). Today the unit of measurement for magnetic fields commemorates Tesla’s name.

1885AC Generation

에서 1885, George Westinghouse, head of the Westinghouse Electric Company, bought the patent rights to Tesla’s polyphase system of alternating current. In America, ~에 1886 the first alternating current power station was placed in operation, but as no AC motor was available, the output of this station was limited to lighting. Although Telsa developed the polyphase AC induction motor in 1883, it was not put into operation until 1888 and from then on, this AC motor became the most commonly used motor for supplying large amounts of power.

Faraday’s, discovery of electromagnetic induction, was used to create the transformer. The transformer is a simple device, mainly consisting of two separate coils of wire. When a moving current is applied to the first coil, a current isinducedinto the second coil. By this induction, the magnitude of the voltage in the second coil depends on the number of turns in the coil. If the number of turns in the second coil is greater than the first coil, the voltage is increased and vice versa. The first transformer was announced by L. Caulard and J. 디. Gibbs in 1883 and so this device revolutionized the systems of power transmission. By generating at a low voltage, the transformer steps it up to a high voltage for transmission and then to a lower voltage where required.

Probably the first generating station in the world to serve private consumers was the Holborn Viaduct in London, which started up in 1882, supplying about 60 kilowatts of power. Also in 1882, Brighton in England had its first public supply and that year the Crystal Palace London, had its first demonstration of electric light. The Pearl Street Central Power Station in New York, was the first recorded station in America in 1882. One of the first transmission lines, was between Miesbach to Munich in Germany in 1882.

1890Electric Frequency

Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) a German physicist, laid the ground work for the vacuum tube. He laid the foundation for the future development of radio, telephone, telegraph, and even television. He was one of the first people to demonstrate the existence of electric waves. Hertz was convinced that there were electromagnetic waves in space.

1890Fission

Otto Hahn (1879-1968), a German chemist and physicist, made the vital discovery which led to the first nuclear reactor. He uncovered the process of nuclear fission by which nuclei of atoms of heavy elements can break into smaller nuclei, in the process releasing large quantities of energy. Hahn was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1944.

1906Vacuum Tube Triode

Lee De Forest (1873-1961) made the first electronic amplifierthe triode(1906)

1910Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Einstein’s formula proved that one gram of mass can be converted into a torrential amount of energy. To do this, the activity of the atoms has to occur in the nucleus. E = energy, M = mass, and C = the speed of light which is 186,000 miles per second. When you square 186,000 you can see it would only take a small amount of mass to produce a huge amount of energy.

1917 – Cobalt Steel Magnets

K. Honda and T. Takai add cobalt to tungsten steel to dramatically increase the coercive force of permanent magnets.

1919 – Commercial Steel Magnets

The first commercially available quench-hardened steel magnets were made available.

1920FM Radio

Edwin Armstrong (1890-1954)invented two essential building blocks of the radiooscillators and frequency changers.

1930 – Alnico Magnets

I. Mishima produces the first Alnico magnet containing an alloy of iron, 니켈, and aluminum.

1950Transistor

그만큼 transistor was invented in 1956 by John Bardeen, Walter Brittain and William Shockley.

1952 – Ceramic Magnets

J.J. Went, G.W.Rathenan, E.W. Gorter, and G.W. Van Oosterhout from the Phillips Company develop the first commercial ceramic magnets based on barium, strontium, and lead-iron oxides.

1953 – The Integrated Circuit

에서 1953, Jack Kilby created the integrated circuit.

1963 – Quarks

에서 1963, Murray Gell-MannGeorge Zweig of the California Institute of Technology proposed a theory according to which the electronic charge e might not be the fundamental charge after all. In their theory, heavy particlesprotonsneutrons consist of various combinations of particles called quarks. One quark is supposed to have charge (-1/3)e and another (-2/3)e. This theory has prompted a major search for quarks.

1966 – Rare-Earth Magnets

박사. Karl J. Strnat at the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base discovers the high energy product (18 가 얻어지고) of the Samarium-Cobalt (SmCo5) compound.

1972 – Advanced Rare-Earth Magnets

박사. Karl J. Strnat and Dr. Alden Ray develop a higher energy product (30 가 얻어지고) Samarium-Cobalt (Sm2Co17) compound.

1983 – Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets

General Motors, Sumitomo Special Metals and the Chinese Academy of Sciences develop a high energy product (35 가 얻어지고) Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd2Fe14B) compound.

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